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Types of Access Control Systems Explained: Cards, Fobs, Keypads, Biometrics & More

Access Control Systems Explained

Choosing the right access control system is about more than picking a door reader and handing out cards. It’s a balance of security, convenience, compliance and cost that should reflect how your organisation actually operates—who needs to go where, when, and under what circumstances. In this long-form guide we’ll explain the main access technologies in plain English, what they’re good at, where they struggle, and how they fit together into a robust, modern solution. We’ll also signpost relevant UK standards and guidance so your system is not only effective but compliant.

At ACCL we design and install end-to-end electronic access control—from single doors to multi-site estates—so we’ll keep this practical. If you’re ready to scope a project, our commercial access control installation team can help you translate these options into a right-sized, future-proof design for your premises.
(See: Commercial Access Control Installation)

What “type” really means in access control

When people talk about access control “types”, they often mean the credential and reader method—cards, fobs, keypads, biometrics, mobile credentials. In practice, a complete system also includes door hardware (locks, door contacts, request-to-exit), controllers, management software (on-prem or cloud), and the underlying cabling/network. Different combinations of these elements deliver different security levels and user experiences. UK guidance from the National Protective Security Authority (NPSA) frames access control as a way to control “who can go where” while generating an auditable trail—thinking that should underpin your choice of technology. 

Proximity cards and key fobs (RFID)

What they are. Cards and fobs use radio-frequency identification to transmit an ID to a reader at the door. Legacy low-frequency prox cards are common, while newer smartcards use encrypted chips and support stronger security.

Strengths. Low friction for users, fast throughput at busy doors, simple to administer at scale. Lost credentials can be revoked instantly without re-keying locks.

Considerations. Basic prox cards can be cloned with the wrong choices; opt for secure, encrypted credentials and readers. Think about badge lifecycle (issuance, revocation), visitor management and whether you need two-factor (e.g., card + PIN) at sensitive doors. UK standards such as BS EN 60839-11-1 set functional and performance requirements for electronic access control components and systems; specifying compliant kit is a good baseline. 

Where they fit. Offices, education, logistics, light industrial—anywhere you want quick, low-touch passage and a reliable audit trail.

PIN codes and keypads

What they are. Users enter a numeric code on a keypad instead of presenting a physical credential.

Strengths. No cards to issue, useful for back-of-house doors or temporary setups. Can be layered with cards for two-factor authentication.

Considerations. Codes are shareable and can be observed; they need regular hygiene (unique codes, rotation, removal on leavers). NPSA emphasises balancing security with business practicality: ask whether a keypad alone provides sufficient assurance for the assets behind the door, or whether it should supplement another factor. 

Where they fit. Service corridors, plant rooms, low-risk internal doors, or as a secondary factor at higher-risk doors.

Biometric readers (fingerprint, face, iris, vein)

What they are. Devices that verify a physical characteristic unique to the user.

Strengths. High assurance—credentials can’t be lent, forgotten or shared. No card replacement costs, strong auditability, and smooth “friction-right” experiences with modern facial recognition readers.

Considerations. In the UK, biometric data used to uniquely identify a person is generally special category personal data under UK GDPR. That raises the bar for lawful basis, transparency, security and retention, and typically requires a DPIA (Data Protection Impact Assessment) before deployment. You must treat templates and logs carefully and give users clear information about processing. Make sure your supplier’s software supports these controls. For legal clarity, lean on the ICO’s biometric guidance.

Where they fit. Higher-risk areas (labs, data rooms), sites where card sharing is a persistent risk, or where hands-free convenience is important.

Mobile credentials (smartphone NFC/BLE)

What they are. Users present an authenticated smartphone via NFC or Bluetooth Low Energy; the “card” lives in an app or wallet.

Strengths. Excellent convenience (people rarely forget phones), rapid remote provisioning/revocation, reduced plastic and issuance costs. Can enable hands-free or tap-through access flows that speed movement through busy lobbies.

Considerations. Requires compatible readers and a platform that manages credential distribution securely. Think about bring-your-own-device policies and fallbacks when phones are flat or forgotten. If you’re exploring touchless journeys, our short read on hands-free access control outlines practical options and upgrade paths.
(See: Hands-Free Access Control)

Where they fit. Corporate offices, co-working, education, multi-tenant buildings that want modern, low-contact access with easy onboarding.

Intercoms and video door entry

What they are. Audio or video entry systems let reception or occupants verify visitors before release. They may call to handsets, apps or a control room, and can log events alongside other access data.

Strengths. Human verification for visitors and deliveries; seamless for receptions; useful at gates and secondary doors.

Considerations. Specify camera resolution, call destinations, and integration to your access platform so releases are logged. For a deeper dive into options—from SIP entry to app-based video—we’ve outlined typical designs and deployment tips in our entry phone installation service page.
(See: Entry Phone Installation)

Where they fit. Perimeter entrances, reception lobbies, managed receptions, and mixed-use buildings.

Vehicle access: barriers, gates and long-range readers

What they are. Rising arm barriers, gates or bollards controlled by long-range RFID tags, remote controls, intercoms or schedules. Many estates also add ANPR (automatic number plate recognition) to automate vehicle entry policies.

Strengths. Controls car parks and service yards, separates pedestrian and vehicle flows, and can mirror staff access policies for vehicles.

Considerations. Integrate with your people access system where practical, to keep a single source of truth for permissions and audit. If you’re planning perimeter control, we design and install security barriers and integrate them with door systems and reception workflows.
(See: Security Barrier Installation)

Where they fit. Car parks, loading bays, gated compounds, campus-style sites.

System architecture: standalone, networked and cloud-managed

Beyond the reader on the wall, architecture determines how you’ll manage users, permissions and reports across the estate.

Standalone. A reader/controller manages a door locally—fine for a single door or small sites, but limited in central reporting and multi-door policies.

Networked (IP). Door controllers connect over your LAN; administrators manage users, time schedules and reports centrally. This model scales well and integrates cleanly with CCTV and alarms, which is why it’s the norm for modern systems. If you’re refreshing an older setup, our IP security system installation overview shows how IP infrastructure underpins modern security estates.
(See: IP Security System Installation)

Cloud-managed. The control application runs in the cloud, offering web access, automatic updates and simpler multi-site management. Whether on-prem or cloud, specify equipment that meets BS EN 60839-11-1 performance requirements and follow recognised codes of practice like NSI NCP 109 for design, installation, commissioning and maintenance. 

Life safety and compliance you cannot ignore

Security can never compromise safe escape. UK practice is clear that electronically controlled doors on escape routes must release on fire alarm or relevant fault conditions. BS 7273-4 sets out how door release mechanisms should actuate in a fire—the detail your fire and access contractors should coordinate on during design and commissioning. If you’re ever in doubt, insist on an explicit fire interface design and test. Industry bodies and standards pages provide accessible summaries if you need to brief internal stakeholders. 

Compliance also touches data. If you deploy biometrics, treat the templates and event logs as personal data and—where used to uniquely identify people—special category data, requiring stronger safeguards, governance and typically a DPIA before roll-out. The ICO has clear guidance on definitions and expectations that you should incorporate into policies and supplier due diligence. 

Integrations that elevate security

The best systems don’t operate in silos. Pairing access control with CCTV means you can instantly review video for a forced door or suspicious entry, enrich incident investigations, and deter tailgating. Linking with intruder alarms allows “first-in, last-out” logic so alarms arm/disarm automatically with legitimate movement. We’ve detailed practical patterns and benefits in our knowledge base article on CCTV, access control and alarm integration.
(See: CCTV–Access Control–Alarm Integration)

From a governance perspective, NPSA’s security best-practice materials emphasise clear policy, signage and staff awareness so your technology is supported by good procedures on the ground. 

How to match “type” to your environment

Start with a short, structured assessment: the risks you’re mitigating, the areas you’re protecting, the number of users and visitors, occupancy patterns, and any specific compliance requirements. Then choose the credential type (cards/fobs, PINs, biometrics, mobile) and reader mix that matches each zone’s risk and throughput. Use higher assurance at sensitive rooms; keep friction low at busy common doors. Decide on the architecture (networked or cloud) to suit your scale and IT posture, and plan integrations from day one so CCTV and alarms share events. Finally, lock in life-safety behaviour with your fire contractor and document it thoroughly.

If you’re weighing options and want a pragmatic design that aligns with UK standards and operational realities, our specialists can help—from survey and design to installation and training. For organisations exploring touch-free journeys, mobile credentials and hands-free readers increasingly deliver the best blend of hygiene, convenience and control—especially when paired with strong policies and well-tuned alerts.

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